Monopoly or is it just phony Essay Example For Students

Restraining infrastructure or is it simply fake Essay Numerous individuals, with the administration are attempting to name Microsoft as a restraining infrastructure. Why would that be any postpone going around doing that? There is no motivation to mark Microsoft as an imposing business model. There is a piece of monopolistic rivalry and gracefully request following up on this case. The entire preliminary is about the free web program, Internet Explorer, that Microsoft gives out free and incorporates with its Operating framework, Windows. Netscape does likewise showcasing of its item aside from that it doesn't have any working framework to sell with. Netscape is a generally more established program and preceding Internet Explorer, there was just a single program, Netscape. There have been innumerous redesigns and fresher forms of these programs since Internet Explorer’s dispatch in the market. The PC business is unpredictable in itself. Any proficient software engineer could grow better working framework or program soon. On the off chance that his/her item is acceptable and he/she have legitimate showcasing accessible he/she could turn into the following monopolistic. The business itself changes with its needs. Innumerous organizations in the past have appreciated monopolist markets like IBM, Intel, and ATT. Starting today, these past â€Å"monopolistsâ €  are a piece of the business and never again are monopolists. No firm can confine the section of some other firm into this field (in any event of free programs) with the exception of by direct obstruction and additionally by converging, to which there are hostile to believe laws limiting those exercises. Any firm could free its monopolist position in the event that it looses its control over a secret weapon. Here, the distinct advantage is information, which is boundless and unlimited. Microsoft has been monopolist in this field for a more drawn out period as a result of its development and upgrade of its items. Netscape would have been in power on the off chance that it had thought of more overhauls and improved quality. The government’s job is to forestall unsafe restraining infrastructure. A hurtful imposing business model emerges when an organization begins mishandling its capacity as a restraining infrastructure. A destructive restraining infrastructure confines yie ld of the market making more prominent interest and accordingly charging more significant expenses. A hurtful imposing business model likewise doesn't improve or change since there is no coordinating rivalry. By charging more significant expenses and having control over distinct advantages a restraining infrastructure could limit section of other likely contenders. Microsoft doesn't damage any of these model for a syndication. It has made rivalry and it doesn't charge incredibly on its significant programming like Windows. The charges on the product reflects not the expense of making duplicates of the product yet the significant compensations of developers, and cost of bundling, printing exorbitant manuals and offering other help and administrations. Might you want to have 10 distinctive working frameworks each with various programming and memory groups. So we need to utilize 10 diverse floppy plates to work, school, at friends’ place, at uncle sways, in the recreation center with our lab tops, just to give some examples. The world would get strange if we somehow managed to have any more programming organizations. Among every one of these information struggle there is just a single media that has stayed unaltered, in any event in general the Internet. The administration has given select rights to hold a restraining infrastructure to protect all data on the web. This is a case of a characteristic imposing business model made by the legislature, for Network Solutions, Inc. This ought to be done in the working framework industry also to uncover us of purchasing and accounting distinctive programming and floppies. On the off chance that Microsoft is broken today, at that point tomorrow there will be another significant imposin g business model made in light of such a great amount of interest in the business for quicker change. This would turn into a horrible endless loop. Rather, the legislature should simply resolve the issue by placing the case in sole hands of the any product goliath like Microsoft, Macintosh, Unix, and Linux (this O/S is totally free). .ub728207869731632febaf84dd304d0ac , .ub728207869731632febaf84dd304d0ac .postImageUrl , .ub728207869731632febaf84dd304d0ac .focused content region { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .ub728207869731632febaf84dd304d0ac , .ub728207869731632febaf84dd304d0ac:hover , .ub728207869731632febaf84dd304d0ac:visited , .ub728207869731632febaf84dd304d0ac:active { border:0!important; } .ub728207869731632febaf84dd304d0ac .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .ub728207869731632febaf84dd304d0ac { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; darkness: 1; progress: haziness 250ms; webkit-progress: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .ub728207869731632febaf84dd304d0ac:active , .ub728207869731632febaf84dd304d0ac:hover { murkiness: 1; progress: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .ub728207869731632febaf84dd304d0ac .focused content territory { width: 100%; position: re lative; } .ub728207869731632febaf84dd304d0ac .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-adornment: underline; } .ub728207869731632febaf84dd304d0ac .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .ub728207869731632febaf84dd304d0ac .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: striking; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe sweep: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-enrichment: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub728207869731632febaf84dd304d0ac:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .ub728207869731632febaf8 4dd304d0ac .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .ub728207869731632febaf84dd304d0ac-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .ub728207869731632febaf84dd304d0ac:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Early Days Of Christopher Columbus EssayBibliography:microsoft.comredhatlinux.com

How to Make Shoe Polish From Charcoal

Part I Presentation A. Foundation OF THE STUDY Shoe clean is a wax material utilized for sparkling the shoes, boots or some other footwears. It makes the shoe spotless and smooth throughout the day. Shoe clean is applied on material, brush, or cloth. Individuals can make our shoe sparkle by tenderly scouring the fabric with a measure of the shoe clean. After you apply this, trust that the shoes will be dry. This shoe clean is produced using charcoal and light. By being innovative, individuals can imagine or find another thing like this. Likewise, by being inventive, individuals can be thrifty. Rather than purchasing costly shoe shines, individuals would now be able to give an ease shoe clean for everybody. At times individuals have been risky about how to clean their shoes. Shoe clean is significant on the grounds that it keeps up the shoe cleaned and flawless to take a gander at. Shoe clean can be a defensive coat to keep up its perfection. These shoe shiners ought to be avoided garments, floor coverings and furnishings since it can recolor these things. In spite of the fact that this shoe clean isn't on excellent, it is helpful. It is helpful particularly for understudies and people who work ordinary. Individuals can utilize this with the goal that the shoe will look clean. Having a shoe clean at home can set aside cash in light of the fact that as opposed to going to staple goods, there are numerous significant things inside the house that can be made of different things. B. Goals This undertaking plans to give an elective shoe clean that is extremely reasonable and simple to make. This venture additionally plans to give shoe sparkle young men an exceptionally minimal effort shoe clean for job. Rather than purchasing a significant expense shoe clean for occupations, shoe sparkle young men would now be able to bear the cost of an ease shoe clean. The analysts will likewise incorporate the regular target of the shoe clean and that is to give perfection to everyone’s shoe. Finally, this undertaking intends to show individuals on the most proficient method to be cheap. There’s no compelling reason to go to goods to purchase, simply search for some other materials at home. C. Hugeness OF THE STUDY This shoe sparkle keeps our shoe sparkle and smooth. It shields the shoe to liberated from scratches. It includes a defensive layer upon the outside of the shoe that secures the shoe and adds to its life span also. It makes a satisfactory way that individuals can be distinguished flawless and clean. This investigation assists with having an economical living. It cleans the shoe right away without wetting it out and keeping it dry for an extensive stretch of time. Rather than purchasing costly shoe clean, the analysts give a minimal effort shoe clean. This is modest however valuable, simple to make without expecting to hurry to stores and waste cash for transportation.

Women in Homers Odyssey Essay -- Odyssey Homer Essays Papers

  â â As Agamemnon tells Odysseus, â€Å"Let it be an admonition even to you. Enjoy a lady never, and never disclose to her all you know. A few things a man may advise, some he should cover up.† (P.199, Book XI) This isn't a disclosure for the wayward King. Odysseus treats all ladies he experiences with a similar alert suggested by Agamemnon when the shade discloses to him how his slippery spouse Clytemnestra acted such that contaminated all ladies kind. Agamemnon is offering words to the idea of ladies that existed in Greek occasions, and still exists today despite the fact that it is ideally not communicated so a lot. Indeed, even before Odysseus addresses his dead companion, he uncovers a similar disposition in the experiences that he has with ladies along his excursion home. Every single significant female character Odysseus comes into contact with utilizes double dealing in the event that not to Odysseus straightforwardly, at that point to the outside world. Thusly, t he meandering King bargains in misleading with them also.  â â â â â â â â â â The main lady that we see in direct contact with Odysseus is Kalypso. This Goddess is no more odd to duplicity. She has been avoiding the Gods for a long time something that is unnatural. She has been concealing her illicit relationship with the human Odysseus, who has been held hostage on her island for that time. She isn't blameless in her ... ...sentations and Interpreting the Odyssey, by Seth Schein, pp. 17-27. Helene Foley, Penelope as Moral Agent, in Beth Cohen, ed., The Distaff Side (Oxford 1995), pp. 93-115. The Odyssey, History, and Women, by A. J. Graham, pp. 3-16, and Jennifer Neils, Les Femmes Fatales: Skylla and the Sirens in Greek Art, pp. 175-84. Lillian Doherty, Siren Songs: Gender, Audiences, and Narrators in the Odyssey (Ann Arbor 1995), esp. section 1. Marilyn Arthur Katz, Penelope's Renown: Meaning and Indeterminacy in the Odyssey (Princeton 1991). Nancy Felson-Rubin, Regarding Penelope: From Courtship to Poetics (Princeton 1994).

Relationship Between Asset Price And Monetary Policy - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 24 Words: 7118 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? With the development of capital market and the innovation of financeà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’asset prices have taken a more prominent role in financial economyà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ½Meanwhileà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’financial crisis and economy turbulences arouse by abnormal assets price fluctuation appear in many countriesà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ½Currently, China is confronted with the reality of asset prices inflationà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ½Asset prices rapidly fluctuation bought gigantic impact to monetary policy, thereforeà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’study the relationship between asset price and monetary policy according to Chinas economy is significantà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ½ This dissertation applies correlation analysis, unit root testà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’cointegration test and Granger causality test in the empirical analysis of the relationship between asset price and monetary policy, from the data analysis, we could conclude that asset prices and monetary policy have a long-term relationship. The central bank should focus on the role of asset price on t he transmit mechanism of monetary policy. Key wordsà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ¡asset priceà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’monetary policy, central bank . Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Relationship Between Asset Price And Monetary Policy" essay for you Create order 1. Introduction Motivation With the development of modern capital market and financial innovation, the world economy has into the financial economy era, and disappears increasingly capitalization, virtualization trends. It is no doubt that modern capital market has provided a powerful lever for economic growth, but its instability also cause macroeconomic fluctuations , and in particular the asset price bubbles, which is becoming a key factor for financial crisis and economic fluctuations. So far, the most developed Western countries have experienced a long period of rapid growth, concern is that global asset price has increased sharply in recent years. In the late 1980s, the stock market and real estate in Japan as the representative of asset prices have greatly increased ,which also caused Japanese economy into the bubble economy, the credit crunch and economic recession arising from the bubble economy have serious negative effects so far. In 2006, the Dow Jones industrial average index in USA was beyon d the highest point of network technology bubble expansion from 2000, the stock market of many other developed and emerging market countries generally strongly increased and was beyond history records. In addition to the security market , the global real estate, gold and oil market are also very active. In 2001-2005, real estate prices have nearly doubled in many developed countries, meanwhile, real estate price in many developing countries has also generally increased. In May 2006, the international spot gold price reached USD per ounce 718 score in New York City market since 1980. In mid-July 2006, the International crude oil futures price GE exceeded the highest record to reach 75 USD/barrel. But, inevitably brought the more serious financial crisis in 2007, which has caused huge economic fluctuations to the economy from 2007. In China, securities market have established for ten years, the shares of negotiable securities in the structure of residents capital portfolios continu ed to be increasing, in 1992, the total value of Chinese stock market is 1048 billion yuan, accounting for only 3.9% of gross domestic product (GDP) ratio . But in 2007, the stock market value is 327141 billion yuan, the ratio of market value in GDP has being greatly rising to 130% , which is 312 times growth compared with the total stock market value in 1992 . Not only a huge amount, but also the fluctuations of asset prices have become more frequent and intense. In 2006-2007, Chinese economy under the driven of stock market and real estate market has a certain degree of asset price bubbles. While in the same time , Chinese economy is actually facing the reality of asset price falling from the top digit, shanghai security market falls rapidly from the peak position in 2007, the stock market bubbles receive the extrusion, the real estate market similarly is also facing the similar situation, house price of major cities has falls obviously, the turnover falls into the valley. All of these financial crisis constantly are reminding people that the worldwide economic fluctuations are characterized by the financial instability , and economic cyclical fluctuations, instead of disappearing, and to be getting worse, cause considerable economic depression, frequent asset price volatility and financial crisis and economic recession arising from the asset market collapse, hence , the government should focus on the asset prices on the role of macroeconomic fluctuations and the central bank in the world have to consider the information from asset price fluctuations. The Fed Chairman Alan Greenspan and Bernanke concern much about monetary policy and asset price volatility. Alan Greenspan proposed central banks should be more concerned about the issue of asset price bubbles in the anniversary meeting celebrating the establishment of the Bank of England in 1994 . Chairman Bernanke is an internationally recognized as the founder of monetary policy and asset price research. At their encouragement , the international academic community and the national central banks have recent research and debate whether the monetary authorities should intervene directly in asset price fluctuations. These research and debates are from the different backgrounds in different countries, in accordance with their different assumptions and premises, provide some significance policy advice. Financial markets in particular capital market deepening and broad-based, and financial innovation enables financial institutions have diversity features. The boundaries of currency and other financial assets is blurring, money supply and real economic variables lost stability, the monetary policy impact on the real economy is no longer limited to traditional approaches, according to the traditional Keynesian theory, this impact on consumption and investment mainly through interest rate variable . But as the improvement of financial system and increase of financial assets stock , moneta ry policy can also use the wealth effect of asset prices and Tobin q to affect the consumption and investment, causing the changes of total demand, in stick price, the aggregate demand led to a change in the output , and cause the effect of the output changes on demand, if the aggregate demand exceeds the aggregate supply ,it can lead to inflation pressures. This series of transmission mechanism make the role of asset market on the real economy become more prominent, asset price has become a major transmission channel of monetary policy . From the reality in China, the rapidly development of asset markets have a key role in our national economy, the impact of real estate market and stock market on economic and monetary policy are becoming increasingly apparent. In fact, the Chinese monetary authorities have also already begin to pay attention to the relationship of asset price and monetary policy . Xiaochuan, Zhou , as the Governor of Chinese central bank ,says that the central b ank concerns about changes in asset prices and gives full attention to information from asset price when formulating and implementing monetary policy. Thereforeà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’study the relationship between asset price and monetary policy in Chinese economy is significantà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ½ This dissertation analyze the relationship of asset price and monetary policy systematically, and will use econometric methodology to seek to explore the relationship between asset price and monetary policy in China by using quarterly statistics from 1998 to 2008. I will estimate the relationship between monetary policy variables and asset price variables , through correlation analysis, unit root testà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’cointergration test Granger Causality test to get the conclusion. This dissertation conclude the results thatà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ¡monetary policy and asset price have a long-term relationship, in a short time, the monetary policy aggravated the asset price fluctuations to some degreeà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’the asset market appeared to be rapidly soared and shirked in a short period of timeà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ½The central bank should focus on the role of asset price on the transmit mechanism of monetary policy. 2. Literature Review 2.1 Empirical Studies from Western Economists The research from western economists on relationship of asset price fluctuations and monetary policy mainly reflects the two views. First, asset price and monetary policy do not exist the causal relationship on behavior , and the only relationship is on the information that reflects the present and future output growth. Another view on research of asset price fluctuation and monetary policy is that asset price can affect consumption and investment through wealth effects , the change of capital cost and asset price fluctuations affect consumption and investment respectively through wealth effects and Tobin q, thus affect the financial institutions status of assets and liabilities , further affect the stability of the financial system. It is evidently that asset price has become the transmission mechanism of monetary policy. Frank Smets (1997) is one of the economist who systematically analysis the optimal monetary policy that Central Bank should response on asset price change. He has proposed the following important viewpoint: how the central bank should respond to monetary policy reflecting the unexpected change of asset price, how this change affect the central banks inflation forecast. There are two factors affecting the central bank forecast inflation. First is that the effect of asset price on transmitting mechanism of monetary policy. Second is that the unique information on asset price. He established a simple macro-economic model that contains equation of Phillips curve, aggregate demand on financial asset prices (as represented by the stock price) , arbitrage and dividend , he uses this model to examine the variety of ways that change of financial assets price affect the real economy, and analysis the optimal monetary policy of central bank response to financial asset price movements. He demonstrate that the optimal monetary policy of central bank response to financial asset price movements, that is, according to the structure of established model , weighted average of the short-term interest rate ( traditional intermediary target of monetary policy) and asset price as price index à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬  monetary conditions index (MCI) , and regard this index as the target of monetary policy operations, therefore it can properly guide central bank make effectively response on monetary policy to change of financial assets price. Gunnarsson and Lindqvist (1997) have discussed the role of asset price on monetary policy from the wealth effect on change of asset price and the effect of inflation. They conclude that the monetary policy should be given more attention on the change of asset price, although it is very difficult to explain. They believe that the change of asset price affect monetary policy as long as this change is long-term change, and in recent years, the impact of this change of asset prices on the economic has been more and more important, so the central bank should spend more energy to analyze the relationship of as set prices and monetary policy, although this relationship is hard to explain but indeed existing. They believe that asset price as an indicator for monetary policy might contribute to the inflation forecast. B.Bemanke and M.Gcrtler (2000,2001) have provided that :In an particular assigned situation , the monetary policy respond to the change of asset price is determined by if existing of the inflation or the deflation pressure on real economy or not, if this change of asset price do not bring the inflation or the deflation pressure on the real economy, then the monetary policy does not need to respond to this kind change of asset price, but If this change of asset price indicates that it indeed brings the inflation or the deflation pressure on the real economy, then the monetary policy should make some response to alleviates this pressure. They propose the above policy seriously under the system frame of flexible currency inflation goal. Cecchetti, Genberg, Lipsky and Wadhwan i (2000) have noted that how the central bank respond to asset price fluctuation mainly depends on the nature of the asset price fluctuation. When only have the shock of financial aspect on macro-economy, the central banks exchange rate policy should make an appropriate response, because doing so will avoid the financial shock on the stability of real economy . When the central banks target is to minimize the fluctuations of Inflation ratio and economic output gap to their target value , the central bank take possible action to eliminate the negative effects of financial volatility is a very good thing. 2.2 Empirical Studies from Chinese Scholars After the Asian financial crisis in 1997, the scholars in China have began to research the relationship between asset price and monetary policy. From a theoretical viewpoint, on the one hand, monetary policy have an impact on asset prices through the adopted operation tool, on the other hand, as a virtual asset relatively to physical asset , asset price fluctuations can also have some impact on peoples consumption and investment behaviour, hence, affect economic development through consumer and investment , further transmit monetary policy purpose to the real economy. Xiaoan Qian (1998) finds that change of asset price make a difficulty in monetary policy transmission mechanism, this will cause the certain effects on monetary quantity management, inflation control and financial risk avoidance. The increase of asset price has been made transmission role of the monetary policy in the currency market change and become a source of funds in the asset markets, causing short-term funds long-term occupation , so that the transmission mechanism of monetary policy to occur difficulty. Part of funds seperated from the bank system, directly to the virtual asset markets. Wenjun Xun (2000) believes that the development of capital market increase the number of the emerging non-bank organization such as superannuation fund, the mutual fund, the Insurance company and so on, the bank also participates in the competition of capital market , the effect of the capital market on the real economy gradually highlight, the transmitted mechanism of monetary policy increases, economic subject and its behavior are diversity, uncertainty about the economical movement increases, therefore the transmitted mechanism of monetary policy is more complex. They thinks that Central Banks monetary policy should control official interest rate through the market , thus indirectly influence the bond and the stock market price in capital market, further influence real economy, achieves the monet ary policy goal. Qiang Qu (2001) has found that it is difficult to put asset prices as the goal of direct control of monetary policy in the monetary policy operations, the possibilities and accuracy of establishment of general asset price index is very small, asset prices can only be used as an indirect reference, in short, to concern on it , but not target on it. Gang Yi and Zhao Wang (2002) have considered that monetary policy have impact on financial asset prices (in particular the stock price), the relationship of currency quantity and inflation not only depends on the price of goods and services, and in a certain degree depends on the stock market. Tianyong Guo(2006) has affirmed the role of asset price fluctuation on real economy , financial stability and monetary policy through analysis, at the same time, he also points out that the asset price as regulatory targets exist difficulties. Chang Cui (2007) analysis the role of asset price on monetary policy through th e model , in asset price inflation period, the central bank can take the measure of interest rate for a given period too control asset price fluctuation, and control the money supply when asset price bubbles exist will receive immediate effect. While in asset price downturn period , interest rate adjust asset price have obvious and relatively durable effect. Yuanquan Yu (2008) obtains through the empirical analysis: the asset price has a certain influence on macroeconomic , particularly the effect of house price is more obvious. Therefore, the Central Bank must give the appropriate attention and control on asset price in the implement of monetary policy . In an conclusion, the asset price fluctuations have an certain impact on the ultimate objective of monetary policy, we can not ignore the unique role of asset price on the transmission mechanism of monetary policy and the macro-economic activities. The central bank should concentrate on the effect of asset prices on monetary policy, particularly in asset prices fluctuations periods, the vast majority of economists believe that the central bank should take an certain monetary policy to address and reduce the negative effect of the economy. For most of research focuses on the study of asset price fluctuation and its relationship with monetary policy, the role of asset prices in the transmission mechanism of monetary policy , as well as the effect size issues ,this dissertation based on the domestic and foreign scholar research results , deeply analyzes the transmitted mechanism of monetary policy in asset price through the impact of monetary policy on asset price . 3. Data Description This dissertation focus on the relationship between asset price and monetary policy in China according to the quarterly statistics during the year of 1998 to 2008. This dissertation mainly use the stock price (index) and house price(hsp) as indicators of asset price , and use boarder money supply (m2), financial institution loan (loan), real rate (rate) as indicators of monetary policy for simplicity. Due to the amount of the data of these variables are really great, we take log of these variables to analyze. This dissertation get all needed data from China Economic Information Network, which is a professionals institution engage in the development of economic data resources and services, provide data support, data integration, and other business data analysis for government and research institutions. All the quarterly data we need from 1998 to 2008 is recorded in the China Economic Information Network. à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ 3.1 Indicators for asset price in China Asset prices generally including stock prices, bonds, prices, and even exchange rate, and other financial assets and house prices. However, the stock price and house price have a significant effect on real economy, and its fluctuations can have a key role in monetary policy decision-making, hence, in this dissertation , we will use the stock price and house price refer to the asset price. In particular, the Shanghai securities composite index is on behave of the stock price for data limitations, Shanghai securities composite index is established by the Shanghai stock market to reflect the Shanghai securities trading market overall trend. House price is on behave of the average house price in China. We can easily get these data from the China Economic Information Network. 3.2 Indicators for monetary policy in China Monetary policy refers to the Government or the Central Bank influence economic activity, especially by money supply control and regulation of interest rates. To achieve a specific goal or maintain target à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬  for example, curbing inflation ,achieving full employment and economic growth, directly or indirectly through open market operations and setting the minimum reserve rate. There are many factors needed to be consider in implementing monetary policy, for data restrictions, in this dissertation ,we mainly consider the variable of boarder money supply, financial institution loan and real rate. First, boarder money supply (lnm2) indicates the change of aggregate supply and pressure condition of inflation in the future. In china, boarder money supply is narrow money supply plus the saving, foreign currency and fiduciary deposits of government, organizations, services, businesses and institutions in financial institution. Boarder money supply can be used as a medium and long-term equilibrium target to regulate of financial markets .It is usually the rate of boarder money supply increasing should be controlled at the sum rate of economic growth and price inflation, monetary movement. Second, financial institution loan have some disadvantage as a indicators of monetary policy. First, it is closely associated with the monetary policy objective. Currency circulation and deposit currency caused by loan, the Central Bank control the size of the loan, which also mean to control the money supply. Second, financial institution loan is an accuracy an endogenous variable , loan size is positive correlation with loan demand. As a policy variables, loan size and the demand also have a positive correlation. Furthermore, data of financial institution loan is easily accessible . Third, real rate refers to the real rate of interest return that the depositors and investors can get after eliminating of inflation rate, it is calculate as nominate rate minus CPI. Real rate can be used as the indicator of Central Banks monetary policy due to following reasons : (1) real rate reflect the supply of money and credit, and able to show the relative supply and demand, it is correlation with nominal interest rate ,High level of interest rate is thought to be a tight, low interest rate level of convergence are considered monetary relaxation. (2) real rate belongs to the Central Bank , the Central Bank can use this tools to increase or decrease in interest rates. Table 1: denotation for Variables denotation Variables Implication Lnindex Shanghai securities composite index Shanghai securities trading market overall trend Lnhsp House price Real estate price Lnloan Loan financial institution aggregation loan domestic Lnm2 M2 boarder money supply: M2+M1 Rate Real rate nominate rate minus CPI. 4. Economic Theory and Econometric Model The effectiveness of monetary policy depends not only on the sensitivity of economic subjects on policy signal , but also on numerous external factors of financial system. According to the traditional Keynesian theory, when implementing expansionary monetary policy, increase of money supply will lead to rate decline, i.e. capital costs decreasing, further increasing investment expenditure, hence increasing aggregate demand and aggregate output. Meanwhile, increase of money supply will lead to the bank reserve and deposit increase, thus enhanced bank to increase the loan quantity, the fund that the borrower attains increase, then the total quantity investment will increase, which also lead to the quantity of aggregate demand increase, hence, the total output also rise. We will use following econometric model to analyze the relationship of asset price and monetary policy. 4.1. Analyzing correlation coefficient The correlation coefficient is a measure of two variables relate to each other and their close degree of effective tools. Its absolute value is close to 1 description of relevance, the stronger between variables, the more its relevance with 0. If the correlation coefficient is positive, then the variables presented to changes in the relationship, with one variable with another variable changes. But if the correlation coefficient is negative, then the variables are changes in the relationship in the opposite direction. Using correlation coefficient can be better measured variables and between monetary policy and asset price correlation between Extent its positive and negative symbol can indicate the variable ask changes direction. Generally used to be associated matrix said. 4.2. Testing for Nonstationary In time series, stationary is a key conceptà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’ as it allows powerful techniques for modelling and forecasting to be developed. Stationary is generally regarded as some pattern of data stable or equilibrium. Stationary time series have constant mean and variance, but its covariance only determined by the time distance. However, when time series could not analyze as stationary, this types of time series always have a strong upwards or downward trend over time, we call it as nonstationary, and we can use differencing as an effective tool to transform a nonstationary time series into a stationary time series. Sometimes, Transforming a nonstationary time series into a stationary one needs more than once differencing operation. Generally speaking, if the differencing needs to be operated at least d times to achieve a stationary time series where d is the order of integration, then the time series is said to be integrated of order d, denoted by I(d). Hence, the I(1) time series also referred to have a unit root, while the I(0) time series are stationary. Dickey and Fuller (1979) provided an effective method to test a time series is stationary or nonstationy time series, which is also called as Dickey-Fuller (DF) test. The elementary object is to test the null hypothesis that the time series have a unit root or not. The model the Dickey-Fuller (DF) test involves bellows In this dissertation , indicates the variables on monetary policy and asset price at time t. ÃŽÂ ± denotes unknown parameter and denotes the trend. denotes the first difference which . Also, the t-statistic for testing the null hypothesis that H0: =0 against the alternative hypothesis H1: 0. In this paper, since house price , boarder money supply and loan have a strong upward trend , so we test these time series under the model H0 : against H1: While the index and real rate variable we consider under the model H0: against H1: We also can identify the fittest lag k by running t he ADF(k) test, choosing the fitted order k that gives the minimum AIC and BIC. 4.3 Cointegration Formally, Engle and Granger (1987) defined the cointegration as if there exists a linear combination of two or more I(d) time series which is I(d) with d'd. In most case, two cointegrated time series has a unit root ,as I(1),a their combination is stationary ,as I(0). In practice, we usually use cointegration test to exam the long-run relationship among variables in economics. If times series have relationship between variables, and the trend of the two time series has been common, and thus there will be a linear combination of these time series give us an stationary time series. In this dissertation , we test the long-run relationship between monetary policy variable and asset price variable by cointegration test .First, we consider the regression of two I (1) time series. The model is To test { } and { } are cointegrated, we need to exam that the residuals term { } is stationary .If the residuals term is I (1), then this two times series do not have a cointegration, othe rwise , if the residuals term is I (o), then this two times series are cointegrated. Under this case, to test the residuals for unit root ,we can conduct DF/ADF-statistic test. In this paper, we denote that monetary policy variables as and we regress on a constant and one of the asset price variables as . 4.4. Causality Test Granger (1969) provided that Granger causality test can apply generally for testing the causal relationship on two time series.Granger causality means that if { } Granger causes{ } then { } have a predict power of { } , given any other variables. More formally, it is said that { } Granger causes { }; when the forecast of given data on { } and { } outperforms the forecast of given data on { }only. Granger causality is only related to the predictability of { } using { } and is not concerned as to whether{ }causes { }, it could be that { } Granger causes { } but { } is not causal for { },and vice versa. To test for Granger causality, we could estimate the regression by OLS In this dissertation , denotes an indicator of asset price, i.e. Shanghai composite index (lnindex) , house price ( lnhsp) , Also,denotes the indicator of monetary policy, i.e. financial institutions aggregate loan (lnloan), broad money (lnm2), real interest rate (rate) . Then conduct an F test on the null hypothesis against the alternative at least one of the is not zero. If we reject the null hypothesis, then { } has predictive power for { } and therefore, { } Granger causes { }, on the other hand, if we fail to reject the null hypothesis, then { } has no predictive power for { }, therefore, { } does not Granger causes { }.We usually test the two times series for Granger causality in pairs, that is, first test whether { } Granger causes { } and then test whether { } Granger causes { }.If two variables have Grange causality relationship in both directions, i.e. { } Granger causes { } and { } Granger causes { }, then we could regard these two varibles have causality relationship in both directions, that means these two variables are related. If two variables have Granger causality in one direction, e.g. { } Granger causes { } but { } does not Granger cause { }, then we can conclude that these two variable just have a one way causality relationship. 5. Presentation and Interpretation of Results 5.1. correlation coefficient between monetary policy variables and asset prices variables We analysis the correlation between monetary policy variables and stock prices variable according to the data provided by China Economic Information Network, and the correlation coefficients are presented in Table 2 and Table 3. Table 2 Correlation coefficient between lnindex and lnloan,lnm2,rate in 1998-2008 Lnindex Lnloan Lnm2 Rate Lnindex 1.000000 Lnloan 0.4829 1.000000 Lnm2 0.4867 0.9980 1.000000 Rate -0.4717 -0.9013 -0.9067 1.000000 As we can see, stock price (Lnindex) has correlation relationship with all monetary policy variables. With a higher stock price, loan and money supply will be increased, while real rate will be decreased. For monetary variables, loan and M2 have a strong positive correlation, and M2 have a strong negative correlaton with real rate. In conclusion , for the stock price variable, it has basically the positive correlation with the loan and money supply variables , and has negatively correlatio n with the real rate. Table 3 Correlation coefficient between lnhsp and lnloan,lnm2,rate in 1998-2008 Lnhsp Lnloan Lnm2 Rate Lnhsp 1.000000 Lnloan 0.9667 1.000000 Lnm2 0.9633 0.9980 1.000000 Rate -0.8453 -0.9013 -0.9067 1.000000 From table 3, we can see house price (Lnhsp) has correlation relationship with all monetary policy variables. With a higher house price, loan and money supply will be increased, while real rate still will be decreased. In conclusion ,for the house price variable, it has basically the strong positive correlation with the loan and money supply variables , and has strong negatively correlation with the real rate. 5.2.Results for unit root test We exam monetary policy variables and asset prices variables by Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) to test the stationary of time series. First ,we choose the AIC and BIC to determine the fitted lag it suggest that the optimal lag for time series is lag k =1,Then we run ADF to test stationary of time series. Results are below: Table 4à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ¡Augmented Dickey-Fuller Unit Root Test for Variables Series ADF Test critical values Results 5% 1% Lnhsp -1.685 -3.41 -3.96 have a unit root Lnindex -2.085 -2.86 -3.43 have a unit root Lnm2 -1.992 -3.41 -3.96 have a unit root Lnloan -1.993 -3.41 -3.96 have a unit root Rate -1.185 -2.86 -3.43 have a unit root We conserder Lnindex and Rate for unit root test under case which is constant without trend, and get the ADF values are -2.085, and -1.185.The critical values are from the asymptotic critical values of the ADF statistic table. From the ADF stat istic table. We know the critical value at the 5% significant level is -2.86, while it is -3.43 at the 1% significant level. Since Lnindex ADF value is-2.085, which is greater than -2.86 and Rate ADF value is -2.400,which is also greater than -2.86, so we fail to reject the null hypothesis at the 5% significance level and conclude that we have evidence that both Lnindex and rate have a unit root, and also mean that the time series is nonstationary. Since Lnhsp Lnm2 and Lnloan of the data have a strong upwards or downward trend ,so we exam these three time series under case which is constant with trend,and get the ADF values are -1.1685, -1.992 and -1.993. From the ADF statistic table.We know the critical value at the 5% significant level is -3.41, while it is -3.96 at the 1% significant level. Since ADF value of Lnhsp, Lnm2 and Lnloan is -1.1685, -1.992 and -1.993 respectively , which are all greater than -3.41 at w at the 5% significance level , and which is also greater than-3.96, at the 1% significance level ,so we fail to reject the null hypothesis at the 5% and 1%significance level and conclude that we have evidence that Lnhsp Lnm2 and Lnloan have a unit root, and the time series is nonstationary. To test the orders of integration of all the time series, hence, we do first differencing to all time series and add an initial D to each variables to indicate the new variables. We use ADF-test again to test all the first differencing variables as above. The fitted lag we consider is also lag=1, the results are shown in Table 4. Table 5à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ¡Results from ADF-test with first difference variables Series ADF Test critical values Results 5% 1% DLnindex -3.525 -2.86 -3.43 I(0) Stationary DLnhsp -4.484 -3.41 -3.96 I(0) Stationary DLnm2 -4.876 -3.41 -3.96 I(0) Stationary DLnloan -3.854 -3.41 -3.96 I(0) Stationary at 5% Have a unit root at !% DRate -3.943 -2.86 -3.4 3 I(0) Stationary From above table, the ADF values of all 5 variables are -3.525, -4.484 -4.876, -3.854 and -3.9459 which are smaller than the critical values at 5% significant level, so we reject the hypothesis at 5% significant level , and conclude that we have no evidence that all the first difference time series have unit roots. It suggests that, after first difference for each of the time series, data have been stationary. Moreover, it shows that the original series of lnindex,lnhsp,lnloan,lnm2 and rate are I (1); their orders of integration are 1.While at 1% significant level , the ADF value of Dlnloan is greater than critic level ,so we conclude that Dlnloan have a unit root. 5.3 Results for cointegration test We need to test the long-run relationship of asset price variables and monetary policy variables by using cointegration test , so we use ADF-test to test the residual .From the statistic table ,we know the 5% critical values is -3.34.while , the 1% critical values is -3.9. 5.31 Cointergrate test of Lnm2 and Lnindex Fitted regression model is Lnm2=7.64+0.62Lnindex+ For the residual, the ADF-test results is -4.61, Since -4.61 is smaller than critical values, so we reject H0 at both 5% and 1% significance level and we have evidence that the residual is stationary, hence we conclude that the Lnm2 and Lnindex have cointegration relationship. 5.32 Cointergrate test of Lnm2 and Lnhsp Fitted regression model is Lnm2=-3.58+2.02 Lnhsp + For the residuals, the ADF-test results is -4.883, Since -4.883 is smaller than critical values, so we reject H0 at both 5% and 1% significance level and we have evidence that the residuals is stationary, hence we conclude that the Lnm2 and Lnhsp have cointegration relationship. 5.33 Cointergrate test of Lnloan and Lnindex Fitted regression model is Lnloan =8.02+0.52Lnindex+ For the residuals, the ADF-test results is -4.777, Since -4.777 is smaller than critical values, so we reject H0 at both 5% and 1%significance level and we have evidence that the residual is stationary, hence we conclude that the Lnloan and Lnindex have cointegration relationship. 5.34 Cointergrate test of Lnloan and Lnhsp Fitted regression model is Lnloan =-1.61+1.72Ln Lnhsp + For the residuals, the ADF-test results is -4.397, Since -4.397 is smaller than critical values, so we reject H0 at both 5% and 1% significance level and we have evidence that the residuals have a unit root, hence we conclude that the Lnloan and Lnhsp have cointegration relationship. 5.35 Cointergrate test of Rate and Lnindex Fitted regression model is Rate =21.08 -2.67Ln Lnhsp + For the residuals, the ADF-test results is -4.473, Since -4.473 is sm aller than critical values, so we reject H0 at both 5% and 1% significance level and we have evidence that the residuals have a unit root, we conclude that Rate and Lnindex have cointegration relationship. 5.36 Cointergrate test of Rate and Lnhsp Fitted regression model is Rate =63.29 -7.91Ln Lnhsp + For the residuals, the ADF-test results is -4.4381, Since -4.4381 is smaller than critical values, so we reject H0 at the 5% significance level and we have evidence that the residuals have a unit root, hence we conclude that Rate and Lnhsp have cointegration relationship. In sum, by the testing procedures as above, we can conclude that monetary policy variables and asset price variables have cointegration relationship, which means that they have long-run relationship based on quarterly data during the period from 1998 to 2008 in China. The central bank should focus on the long-run relationship of asset price and monetary policy. 5.4 Results from Granger Causality Test We exam the short-run relationship between asset price variables and monetary policy variables using Grange Causality Test, and reveal the predict power of these variables. We proceed the Granger causality test of asset price variables and monetary policy variables in lag=1and 4. Results are shown below. 1. . Causality test between monetary policy variables and stock prices variable Table 7: Lag=1 Granger causality test Null Hypothesis F-Values Test Critical Values Results 10% 5% Lnloan Does Not Granger Cause Lnindex F(1,40)=0.11 4.61 5.99 Accept Null Lnindex Does Not Granger Cause Lnloan F(1,40)=0.03 4.61 5.99 Accept Null Lnm2 Does Not Granger Cause Lnindex F(1,40)=0.14 4.61 5.99 Accept Null Lnindex Does Not Granger Cause Lnm2 F(1,40)=0.07 4.61 5.99 Accept Null Rate Does Not Granger Cause Lnindex F(1,40)=0.01 4.61 5.99 Accept Null Lnindex Does Not Granger Cause Rate F(1,40)=0.4 6 4.61 5.99 Accept Null If 2 times F-values greater than critical values , we reject null. From table 7, we can conclude that in the lag of 1, at the 10% and 5% significance level ,stock price (Lnindex) variable and monetary policy variables have no Granger cause relationship, so stock price variable has no predict power to monetary policy variables, and also monetary variables has no predict power to stock price variables. Table 8: Lag=4 Granger causality test Null Hypothesis F-Values Test Critical Values Results 10% 5% Lnloan Does Not Granger Cause Lnindex F(4,31)=1.16 7.78 9.49 Accept Null Lnindex Does Not Granger Cause Lnloan F(4,31)=0.03 7.78 9.49 Accept Null Lnm2 Does Not Granger Cause Lnindex F(4,31)=0.89 7.78 9.49 Accept Null Lnindex Does Not Granger Cause Lnm2 F(4,31)=0.16 7.78 9.49 Accept Null Rate Does Not Granger Cause Lnindex F(4,31)=0.62 7.78 9.49 Accept Null Lnindex Does Not Granger Cause Rate F(4,31)=0.28 7.78 9.49 Accept Null If 2 times F-values greater than critical values , we reject null. As presented on Table 8, in the lag of 4, at the 10% and 5% significance level stock price (Lnindex) variable and monetary policy variables still have no Granger cause relationship. We can not use monetary policy variable to predit asset price variable , and vice versa. This also show that adjusting monetary policy variable affects stock markets price level is very difficult, even assuming it has the effect, it must pass through a very long time period, the effect can be appearance. 2. Causality test between monetary policy variables and house prices variable I will analyze the causality relationship between house prices variable and monetary policy variables in the same way above. Results are shown as Table 9 and Table 10 Table 9: Lag=1 Granger causality test Null Hypothesis F-Values Test Critical Values Results 10% 5% Lnloan Does Not Granger Cause Lnhsp F(1,40)=3.58 4.61 5.99 Rejec Null Lnhsp Does Not Granger Cause Lnloan F(1,40)=0.13 4.61 5.99 Accept Null Lnm2 Does Not Granger Cause Lnhsp F(1,40)=2.74 4.61 5.99 Reject Null at 10% Accept Null at 5% Lnhps Does Not Granger Cause Lnm2 F(1,40)=0.22 4.61 5.99 Accept Null Rate Does Not Granger Cause Lnhsp F(1,40)=1.57 4.61 5.99 Accept Null Lnhsp Does Not Granger Cause Rate F(1,40)=2.84 4.61 5.99 Reject Null at 10% Accept Null at 5% If 2 times F-values greater than critical values , we reject null. From table 9 , we can conclude : in the lag of one, at the 5% significance level, loan can Granger Cause house price, but house price does not Granger cause loan , these two variable just have uni-directional Granger cause relationship, house price and other monetary variable have no Granger cause relationship. While at the 10% significance lev el , loan and boarder money supply can Granger Cause house price, and also house price can Granger cause Rate. This also indicates that adjusting financial institution loan and boarder money supply can have certain effect on house price in short time, based on quarterly data, we can use financial institution loan and boarder money supply to predict the house price in a certain period. Table 10: Lag=4 Granger causality test Null Hypothesis F-Values Test Critical Values Results 10% 5% Lnloan Does Not Granger Cause Lnhsp F(4,31)=2.32 7.78 9.49 Accept Null Lnhsp Does Not Granger Cause Lnloan F(4,31)=0.12 7.78 9.49 Accept Null Lnm2 Does Not Granger Cause Lnhsp F(4,31)=1.69 7.78 9.49 Accept Null Lnhsp Does Not Granger Cause Lnm2 F(4,31)=0.36 7.78 9.49 Accept Null Rate Does Not Granger Cause Lnhsp F(4,31)=2.4 7.78 9.49 Accept Null Lnhsp Does Not Granger Cause Rate F(4,31)=2.44 7.78 9 .49 Accept Null If 2 times F-values greater than critical values , we reject null. As presented on Table 10, in the lag of 4, we can see asset price variables and monetary variables have no Granger causality relationship at 10% and 5% significance level. Synthesizes the above analysis, we can conclude that the stock price and monetary variables have no two-way causality relationship in short run, and monetary policy have no impact on stock price in short run . But in some certain degree, loan and boarder money supply can Granger cause house price, it means that loan and boarder money supply can predict house price in short time. 6. Conclusion In this dissertation , we study the relationship between asset price and monetary policy in China by using quarterly statistics during the year of 1998 to 2008. We use the stock price (index) and house price (hsp) as indicators of asset price , and use boarder money supply (m2), financial institution loan (loan), real rate (rate) as indicators of monetary policy. We expect those asset price variables would have some effect on the monetary policy. Hence, we process these time series through ADF-test, Cointegration-test and Granger causality test to reveal the long-term and short-term relationship among them. Then, from the results of cointegration test, the results suggest that the indicators of asset price have cointegration with monetary policy base on the quarterly data during 1998 to 2008 in China, hence, it implies that there is long-term relationship between the fluctuations of asset price market and monetary policy decision-making in China. Further, we use Granger ca usality test to exam the short term relationship. In the lag=1 and 4 , the results reveal that stock price variable and monetary policy variables have no causality relationship in short run, stock price variable has no predict power in monetary policy variables. But in some certain degree, that loan and boarder money supply can predict house price in short time. In summary, from analysis in this dissertation , we can get some useful policy implications in China. First, improving relevant conditions of asset prices and monetary policy transmission mechanism .As Chinas capital market development, asset price transmission channels to monetary policy gradually disappear. Although current credit market and money market funds directly or indirectly to concentrate on the asset market ,which indeed create opportunities for the monetary policy transmission mechanism , but do not form a valid investment and consumption demand, to some certain extent, resulting in distortion of the monet ary policy transmission mechanism. As money supply increasing ,financial insistutions have sufficient funds, make loan enlarge, and also cause rapid increasing in stock price. Dramatic fluctuations in asset prices, on the one hand resulted in financial system instability and, on the other hand, asset price transmission channels to monetary policy is also not very smooth. However, as the stock market, house price and other assets further development, the effect of traditional monetary policy transmission mechanism will gradually diminish, the role of asset price transimitted to monetary policy will play an important role, so now we must improve relevant conditions of asset prices and monetary policy transmission mechanism by Tobin q effect, the wealth effect, balance sheet effects and many other channels . Second, Monetary policy should focus on asset price fluctuation. The asset price has not been able to take as the independent regulation target of the monetary policy ,but sh ould take it as the auxiliary monitor target of currency regulation ,integrates to the field of the Central Bank monetary policy Central Bank .The central bank should establish indicator system relative to asset price monitoring, and make corresponding respond to estimate the impact of market movement and change of asset price on macro economic fluctuation, then determine the trend of monetary policy, implements the essential regulative behaviour, meanwhile , the central bank must clarify the shocks of asset price fluctuation. Third, the central bank should focus on the impact of the real estate market on real economy. Empirical results show that housing price has played a certain role in the transmission mechanism of monetary policy in China, the correlation with monetary policy variable is extremely high. The central banks should focus on the change of real estate market because the real estate industry is pillar industries, the real estate market price fluctuation will affect our investments, further to fluctuations in related industries, to even worse, it may affect the whole macro economy development. Accordingly, the Government should concentrate on impact of the real estate market on macro economy.

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The review identified as advancement in the management field and growing complexityRead More65 Successful Harvard Business School Application Essays 2nd Edition 147256 Words   |  190 Pages2009012531 First Edition: August 2009 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 CONTENTS Acknowledgments Introduction ix xi I. Defining Moment Stacie Hogya Anonymous Anonymous David La Fiura Anonymous Avin Bansal Anonymous Brad Finkbeiner Anonymous 4 7 10 13 17 20 23 26 29 ii. UndergradUate experience John Coleman Maxwell Anderson Lavanya Anantharman Rosita Najmi Faye Iosotaluno Anonymous Rohan Nirody v 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 Contents III. Career aspirations Jason Kreuziger Anonymous James Reinhart

The One Percent Research Paper free essay sample

The documentary deals with the disparity between the wealthy elite and the citizenry and how they are both so far removed from one another. â€Å"As of 2010, the top 1% of households (the upper class) owned 35. 4% of all privately held wealth. † (Domhoff, 2010, The Wealth Distribution, para. 1). The producer and interviewer presents this film through many wealthy American businessmen, critics, economists and even his own family to explain this major social gap that exists on our home front. When looking at the differences side-by-side, it is hard to grasp that we all live in the same place, the United States of America. The film was created by Jamie Johnson, the heir to one of America’s most affluent families. Being born with a â€Å"silver spoon,† Jamie never really had anything to worry about in life from private schools to private jets, equestrian clubs and charitable dinner parties. But, he always felt something was missing in his life and he couldn’t quite put a finger on it. We will write a custom essay sample on The One Percent Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The fortune that Jamie inherited on his 21st birthday was from one of the wealthiest family-owned companies in the United States, Johnson and Johnson. THE ONE PERCENTPage 3 Ryan M. Kerrick Mr. Richard Cannella English Composition II March 18, 2012 His great grandfather â€Å"started the company in 1886† (Johnson and Johnson, 1997) and it continued to grow well beyond imagination. Jamie would always wonder what made him deserve this prosperous lifestyle. After self-examination, Jamie was determined to investigate some of the questions haunting him in his head about the wealth disparity in America. Attempting to bring his mind to ease, he decided to create this documentary, â€Å"The One Percent. † Within the first few minutes of the film I noticed a sign labeled â€Å"Private Property Members Only. To me the sign is showing how the wealthy pride themselves in being part of such an elite club. Meanwhile, on the other side of the spectrum, the working class feel like they are not truly part of society at all. In the beginning of the documentary you see the Johnson’s having a family meeting. At first it looks normal, but they are not discussing chores around the house. It is a â€Å"family meeting† with their financial wealth and money management advisors. The meeting is centered on managing their wealth and assets and essentially turning their millions in to more millions. The consensus from the advisors is that every year the family fortune tenfold and they continue to become richer and richer. Jamie seems to be upsetting his father with the making of this documentary and the advisors seem hesitant to talk about money and wealth on camera. THE ONE PERCENTPage 4 Ryan M. Kerrick Mr. Richard Cannella English Composition II March 18, 2012 His father’s initial reaction is that his son’s documentary is nonsense, but something that might have a huge ripple effect if taken seriously. Jamie does a great job trying to get answers and asking difficult questions to the wealthy elite of America. The footage he presents is of people giving their most honest views and thoughts and it is evident there is a huge gap between the wealthy and the poor. Jamie Johnson interviewed numerous people within different social classes. They ranged from Milton Freedman and Steve Forbes, who owns his own private cruise ship, to some local residents of the south side of Chicago, who live in poverty without locks on their mailboxes. Jamie is presenting the social gap with visuals broken down buildings compared to mansions, a homeless man asking for money compared to fancy beach resorts and post hurricane Katrina victims with private country clubs. A poignant moment that stood out to me in the documentary was when Jamie interviewed Nicole Buffet, the granddaughter of Warren Buffet through marriage (his son Peter’s ex-wife’s daughter. ) It was comforting to watch and I feel even Jamie felt a sense of self-awareness as he interviewed the young female. She seemed so confident in who she was but most of all peaceful, content and happy with the simple things in life. In this situation, you can see money seems to be the root of all evil. Even to the point of ridding someone of your family that has great memories of you. THE ONE PERCENTPage 5 Ryan M. Kerrick Mr. Richard Cannella English Composition II March 18, 2012 She talked of her â€Å"grandpa† as the loving man she knows him as (not as multimillion dollar business man. ) In response to her participation in the documentary, he wrote to her â€Å"I have not emotionally or legally adopted you as a grandchild, nor have the rest of my family adopted you as a niece of cousin. † (Schroeder, 2008, p. 976) He disclaims her as a granddaughter despite all the good she says about him just because of her role in the film. People argue that Buffet was not out of place because Nicole was adopted or a step child and was not part of his immediate family. I thought the same until I stumbled upon an article written in The Wall Street Journal. The article stated â€Å"Susan Buffett, Warrens first wife, who died in 2004, named Nicole in her will as one of her adored grandchildren and left her $100,000. She added that Nicole shall have the same status and benefits as if they were children of my son, Peter A. Buffett. † Also, â€Å"a source close to the family says Nicole spent very little time with Warren Buffett over the years but that he paid for Nicoles school and living expenses until she was 28. Nicole says that Mr. Buffetts reaction may have reflected his philosophy about wealth. Sharing my experience as a Buffett was stepping outside the box, she says. † (Frank, R. 2008). Another part of the film that stood out to me is when Jamie interviewed the taxi cab driver and I did like what the man had to say. He said, â€Å"My family is one of the richest families in the world, but not with money. With love, kindness, tolerance and patience. Qualities that are worth more than money and you can’t buy that. † THE ONE PERCENTPage 6 Ryan M. Kerrick Mr. Richard Cannella English Composition II March 18, 2012 This showed the much clear distinction in values between the rich and the working class. Comparing what the taxi driver had said to the values of Warren Buffet who wrote his granddaughter disclaiming because she did not support the family lifestyle, which would you prefer? Watching this documentary I came to find that with money also comes a fear of losing that money and becoming consumed by it. Along with money comes the changing of your values and whole aspect on life. It allows families in America to move up in class, often times allowing them to adopt different ideas and different family values. After viewing this documentary my analysis on the disparity of the wealth gap is that it is reality and there isn’t much we can do about it. I am able to see what people have to go through to make it to the top. Business men do not become who they are by being nice to people. They have to be aggressive in the business world, cut throat, sharp and willing to do whatever it takes to achieve their dreams. That might come with risks or even mean walking all over people. But, sometimes to make a difference, you have to ride through hell to make it to heaven. This might be a hard pill for some people to swallow, but, it is reality and it is the truth. People have not become moguls overnight singing KUM-BAH-YA and dancing around a fire. Las Vegas was built on mob money before it was cleaned up and presented with a new face by entrepreneur investing. This is business. You have to be able to stomach it and it is not for the weak hearted. I would therefore have to agree with what I have seen in the documentary regarding Jamie’s father and his behavior. THE ONE PERCENTPage 7 Ryan M. Kerrick Mr. Richard Cannella English Composition II March 18, 2012 He did what he had to do to get to where he is today even though he inherited his thrown. In my personal opinion, if you look hard enough you will always find dirt and the top of the social ladder. You do not only have to be rich for that either, all of humanity is flawed in its own way. I do not believe that everyone was born to be a millionaire. However, I do believe that in our own way, if we preserve and strive to work hard, we are all able to be â€Å"millionaires† in our own eyes and live fulfilling lives and contribute to making our society a better place to live. Being unemployed, uneducated and living off welfare is not fair to the people who work hard to pay taxes to support their fellow citizens. I consider it to be a lazy and irresponsible way of life. However, it is a choice in life you have. The money is out there for the taking so it is also your prerogative whether you choose to go out and get it or not. Make your decision wisely and keep your values in mind while climbing the social ladder if that is the route you decide to take. THE ONE PERCENTPage 8 Ryan M. Kerrick Mr. Richard Cannella English Composition II March 18, 2012 REFERENCES Johnson and Johnson. (1997). History of Johnson and Johnson. Retrieved from http://www. jnj. com/connect/about-jnj/company-history/ Schroeder, A. (2008). The Snowball: Warren Buffet and the Business of Life. Domhoff, G. (2010). Wealth, Income, and Power: The Wealth Distribution. Retrieved from http://whorulesamerica. net/power/wealth. html Frank, R. (2008). The Wall Street Journal: The Rich Man’s Michael Moore. Retrieved from http://online. wsj. com/article/SB120371859381786725. html? mod=fpa_mostpop

7 Ways Students Can Stay Productive During Summer Break

7 Ways Students Can Stay Productive During Summer Break If you’re a student, you long for summer vacation. School takes a lot out of you so it’s nice to have a few months to unwind. You get to catch up and focus on all of the things you don’t normally get to enjoy. But one of the biggest problems students face is staying productive during summer break. You spend 2-3 months having fun in the sun and when you return to class in early September, you end up feeling overwhelmed and stressed out. This happens to everyone. You’re coming off your summer high and back into the real world, and you end up crashing and burning. It’s a rough and transition. It’s like starting a car that’s been sitting in your garage for years. The engine is going to sound clunky and congested.  Or if you don’t drive, think of it like riding your bike. If you don’t ride your bike for a couple of years, the chain is going to rust and it will feel very tight and restricted when you finally take your bike ou t for a spin.  Fortunately, this can be avoided. All you need to do is keep your mind sharp and productive during summer break. If you can accomplish this, then you will make the transition in September very smoothly.That being said, here are 7 ways students can stay productive during summer break:Source:[#WBSA]

Julia Alvarez, Famous Poet and Novelist Essay Example

Julia Alvarez, Famous Poet and Novelist Essay Example Julia Alvarez, Famous Poet and Novelist Paper Julia Alvarez, Famous Poet and Novelist Paper Julia Alvarez is a famous world-wide poet and novelist. She was raised in the Dominican Republic, which is why most of her poems and novels are written in Spanish. One of her most famous novels is called In the time of the Butterflies, which is based on her flee to the United States, from the underground, where the three Mirabel sisters were murdered. The hardships of coming into the country, and without knowing the language is what is said to be the main reason of why she began to start writing. Julia Alvarez is more of a famous author than a poet. Therefore, she doesn’t have very many poetry books, or poems put on the internet. I did find five poems that stuck out to me more than her other ones, though. The first poem is called â€Å"Household Riddle†. I despise poetry, but this poem actually got my attention as I was reading it, unlike many other poems. I think this poem is funny because it is mostly talking about the riddle, â€Å"Which came first, the chicken or the egg? † which is a funny little riddle that everyone knows. The second poem that I found is called â€Å"Hairwashing†. This poem is about how her mother used to wash her hair when ever she misbehaved, to rinse out all of the bad. I picked to do this poem because I could really picture this happening, and it reminded me of how some mothers would wash their kids’ mouths out with soap. Another poem that I’ve chosen, which is my personal favorite, is called â€Å"Against Cinderella†. This poem kind of analyzes the story of Cinderella, and it asks questions that it knows we’ve all been thinking all of these years. One line in the poem says, â€Å"I can’t believe only one woman in that town had that size foot, could fit into that shoe. † We all know we’ve wondered this too, but we just always went along with it. I like this poem; it’s cute and funny, and in a way sarcastic. The last two poems I chose are called â€Å"Dusting† and â€Å"Storm Windows†. The main reason I chose to do these poems is because they were short, and they were one of the very few poems I could find written by Julia Alvarez. I do kind of like the poem â€Å"Dusting† because the main character says she likes to write her name on the dusty cabinet every morning, and I remember I used to like to write my name in the dust when I was little, too. On the other hand, I have no idea what the poem â€Å"Storm Windows† is about. The only reason I chose it was because it was short. Overall, I regret picking Julia Alvarez as my poet. I, personally, don’t really like her poetry, and she must have not even have written that many poems because I can barely find anything on her. Also, I don’t understand why a lot of her poems are about housekeeping and chores. But, since I have to make the best out of this, I chose five poems that I thought were the best. I like to read something that will grab my interest, keep my attention, and maybe make me think a little bit, and I believe that the five poems that I have chosen do so. Alvarez, Julia.. â€Å"Dusting. † Homecoming: new and collected poems. New York: Penguin Books USA Inc. , 1996. Alvarez, Julia.. â€Å"Dusting. † Homecoming: new and collected poems. New York: Penguin Books USA Inc. , 1996. Alvarez, Julia.. â€Å"Dusting. † Homecoming: new and collected poems. New York: Penguin Books USA Inc. , 1996. Alvarez, Julia.. â€Å"Dusting. † Homecoming: new and collected poems. New York: Penguin Books USA Inc. , 1996. Alvarez, Julia.. â€Å"Dusting. † Homecoming: new and collected poems. New York: Penguin Books USA Inc. , 1996.

Hallidayan Approach and Categorisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Hallidayan Approach and Categorisation - Essay Example Halliday has tended to describe grammar from the perspective of a combination of systems and not rules. The basic contention is that any grammatical structure being studied will reveal the use of different choices from a discernible set of choices. If this approach is taken further, language can be seen as relying on meaning potential. Halliday argues that a grammatical system is closed since it is composed of a finite set of choices. However, a lexical system is open because various new additions are constantly taking place in language. Halliday also claims that language is organised in a meta-functional manner indicating that it is composed of different grammatical systems that aid to provide different kinds of meaning. He attaches the real reason behind language to providing meaning in social life and thus argues that all forms of languages are based on three semantic components. The first semantic component is ideational and works as a resource for interpreting human experience. This component tends to reveal the contextual value of a field in grammar. This indicates that it allows the exploration of the social processes through which the particular use of language in some fashion is being implicated. The second semantic component is interpersonal and serves to perform various functions (which may be simple or complex) that define social relationships. This component is in itself composed of the personas of the writer or the speaker, the social distance between interacting parties and the relative social status difference between the interacting parties. The last semantic component is textual and it aids in combining the two semantic components presented above. This combination allows both forms of meanings to come together in a coherent fashion through textual means. Using the textual meta-function allows an exploration of how coherent a piece of text is which in turn allows discerning the credibility of the subject text. The various forms of grammatical s ystems that are proposed by Halliday are in turn related to these meta-functions that serve to compose them. Comparison of Selected Texts At first glance, it seems obvious that the selected texts are geared to serve different purposes. The first text (extracted from a seller’s website) is designed to sell a product related to the medical condition being discussed. In stark contrast, the second text (extracted from a medical help website) is designed to help understand the medical condition and its progression and growth. This significant difference helps to explain the fact that the first text is more suggestive in nature while the second text is more declarative in nature. In addition, the first text contains little medical terminology because it is designed to appeal to the mass audience that will consume the text. This indicates that the first text is directed towards the layman who is suffering from this condition and is looking online for quick fixes to the problem.

Is there a world food crisis If so, why Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Is there a world food crisis If so, why - Essay Example Floods have devastated Australia and Brazil’s agricultural production. Global weather trends in last year are exerting immense pressure on global food system which was already struggling to avoid a major breakdown (Micheal, n.d.). Linking with 2008 food crisis According to World Bank (2011) facts and figures, before the emergence of fuel and financial crisis, 1.1 billion people were living on less than one dollar a day. Another 923 million people were undernourished. Food prices continuously remain volatile. Despite of falling prices on international level, local food prices have not come down. According to Wiggin (2010) the fact is that 2008 food crisis was never actually left the world. It is true that we didn’t see food riots during 2009 and warehouse stores, such as Costco didn’t ration 20 pound packet of rice, however, the supplies continued to stay tight. Price for food items, such as, corn and wheat remained lower than that of 2008’s point; however, they never went at the point of pre-2008 food crisis. Primary farm commodities’ prices went higher in 2010 with corn 63 percent up, wheat 84 percent, sugar 55 percent, and soybean 24 percent up. Factor inducing global food crisis Global food shortages are ringing alarming bells for world leaders as it forced emergency meetings at U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization who stressed the need of immediate action(cited in Activist,2011).There are many reasons to this global food crisis, most cited are extreme weather conditions(Activist,2011)increasing population in particular in developing countries (Alexakha,2011) supply/demand imbalance(Brown,2011), and food (or oil) commodity speculation(Activist,2011). Supply-demand imbalance In past years, weather fluctuations caused a spike in commodity prices; however, it is both sides of the supply and demand equation that are directing the prices upwards now. If we consider demand side, the major factors are population growth, increasi ng affluence, and grains use to make fuel. While on supply side, the major culprits are soil erosion, aquifer depletion, plateauing of crop yield in certain agriculturally advanced countries, utilization of agricultural land for non-agricultural purposes, supply of irrigation water to cities (Brown, 2011). The supply and demand imbalance is being driven by increasing affluence, population growth. Increasing wealth in emerging economies, such as China and India where middle class is expanding and converting from grain diet to meat diet(Miller,2011).According to Brown(2011) nearly 3 billion people are moving up the food chain because they are eating more quantities of grain-intensive meat products. Milk, meat, and eggs consumption is increasing in developing countries. Currently, China’s meat needs are approximately double than that of USA’s. Furthermore, the world population is approximately doubled since 1970s.Every year; world population is increasing 80 million. Ever y night, there are 219,000 more

Sects Cults and Catholic Church Essay Example for Free

Sects Cults and Catholic Church Essay The Seventh Day Adventists A sect is a religious group with controversial beliefs, they are groups that break away from a main group/religion and form their own set of beliefs, which differ from the teachings of their parent group. Sects also reject the authority of their parent group. The Seventh Day Adventists is an example of a group that broke away from their parent religions of Millerite Movement and Christianity, to become a sect. New York was the home of the 1840s Millerite movement; Millerites were followers of he teachings of William Miller who prophesied the second coming of Jesus Christ to Earth on the 22nd October 1844. When Jesus did not appear on this day the Millerites dissolved, however from the ashes of one movement came the next as the Seventh Day Adventists arose from the disbanded Millerites. The Seventh Day Adventist Church was officially founded in 1863 and the four founding fgures were Joseph Bates, James White, Ellen G. White and J. N. Andrews. The Church quickly became popular and began to spread worldwide, reaching the shores of New Zealand in the 1880s only shortly after its official establishment back in the States. Today the Seventh Day Adventist Church boasts over 16 million members globally and is the twelfth largest religious body in the world.

The Great Gatsby and the American Dream :: Literary Analysis, F. Scott Fitzgerald

F. Scott Fitzgerald’s, The Great Gatsby depicts the 1920’s Jazz Age, and how society operates under the influence of the American Dream. Society during this time period consists of huge hopes and dreams for improvement of the self. In The Great Gatsby, the American Dream hides behind a mirage of beauty and splendor, buy in reality the corruption and illusions within this dream entice Americans to become drawn into its web of lies, deceit, and greed. In The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald strongly criticizes the American Dream (Seschachari 1). Fitzgerald shows readers the American Dream in this time period is centered on romanticism, material items, youth, and an emergence of selfishness (Seschachari 2). People value tangible items over strong moral values. A life of extravagance, however, does not always come without repercussions. People in this society live in a pretend world of beauty, but in reality the American Dream is a defective illusion. In the American Dream, equality is an impossible feat and even though Americans have an abundance of opportunities, people will always be suppressed from true achievement (Hearne 191). Meyer Wolfshiem, a corrupt business man, represents how disillusioned the American Dream is. His mannerisms reek of brutality, yet he sits pleasantly in a restaurant while exchanging pleasantries with Jay Gatsby and Nick Carraway (Hearne 192). Fitzgerald writes, â€Å"A small, flat-nosed Jew raised his large head and regarded me with two fine growths of hair which luxuriated in either nostril. After a moment I discovered his tiny eyes in the half-darkness† (Fitzgerald 69). (Check how to quote) Also, Wolfsheim boasts his cuff buttons are actual human molars; nevertheless, Wolfshiem is regarded by Jay Gatsby as a pleasant gentlemen. This demonstrates the faà §ade of brutality that Wolfshiem portrays. Wolfshiem ultimately represents corruption in the American Dream (Hearne 192). Fitzgerald’s ultimate goal in writing The Great Gatsby is to shed light on the illusions in the American Dream to the people of America (Hearne 189). If Americans are better informed about the American Dream, they are less likely to fall subject to its evils. (Add too or move) Jay Gatsby, in particular, becomes a strangely unique character in The Great Gatsby. Even though Jay Gatsby strives for the best material items, he does not strive for these items in hopes of attaining any type of dream except a romantic one (Seshachari 2).

Debt/Equity Ratio

Debt/Equity Ratio What Does Debt/Equity Ratio Mean? A measure of a company's financial leverage calculated by dividing its total liabilities by its stockholders' equity; it indicates what proportion of equity and debt the company is using to finance its assets. http://financial-dictionary. thefreedictionary. com/debt%2Fequity+ratio ‘Debt/Equity Ratio' A high debt/equity ratio generally means that a company has been aggressive in financing its growth with debt. This can result in volatile earnings as a result of the additional interest expense.If a lot of  debt is  used to finance increased  operations (high debt to equity), the company could potentially generate more earnings  than it would have without this  outside financing. If this were to increase earnings by a greater amount than the debt cost (interest), then the shareholders benefit as  more  earnings are being spread among the same amount of shareholders. However, the cost of this debt financing may  ou tweigh the return that  the company  generates on the debt through investment and business activities and become too much for the company to handle. This can lead to bankruptcy, which would leave shareholders with nothing.The debt/equity ratio also depends on the industry  in which the company operates. For example, capital-intensive industries such as auto  manufacturing tend to have a debt/equity ratio above 2, while personal computer companies have a debt/equity of under 0. 5. Read more: http://www. investopedia. com/terms/d/debtequityratio. asp#ixzz2DQ7bp1aa The debt to equity ratio is a financial metric used to assess a company's capital structure, or â€Å"capital stack. † Specifically, the ratio measures the relative proportions of the firm's assets that are funded by debt or equity.The debt to equity ratio (also called the risk ratio or leverage ratio) provides a quick tool to financial analysts and prospective investors for determining the amount of financial leverage a company is using, and thus its exposure to interest rate increases or insolvency. Knowing how to analyze the debt to equity ratio can help you assess a company's financial health before investing. Steps 1. 1 Determine the debt to equity ratio for the company in question. The ratio is calculated simply by dividing the firm's total debt by its total shareholder's equity.These balances can be found on the company's balance sheet. Ads by Google Free Annuity Calculator Up To 40% More Income To Retire On. Try Our Free Online Calculator Now! AgePartnership. co. uk/Annuity-Report * Generally, only interest-bearing, long term debt (such as notes payable and bonds) is included in the ratio's calculation. Short-term liabilities, such as accounts payable, are often left out, as they don't provide much information about the company's use of leverage. * Some large, off-balance sheet liabilities should be included in the ratio's calculation, however.Operating leases and unpaid pensions are 2 common off-balance sheet liabilities that are large enough to warrant inclusion in the debt to equity ratio. 2. 2 Perform a cursory assessment of the firm's capital structure. Once you have determined the debt to equity ratio for a particular company, you can get an idea of their capital stack. A ratio of 1, for example, indicates that the company funds its projects with an even mix of debt and equity. A low ratio (below about 0. 30) is generally considered good, because the company has a low amount of debt, and is therefore exposed to less risk in terms of interest rate increases or credit rating. . 3 Consider the financing needs associated with the specific industry in which the firm operates. Generally, a high debt to equity ratio (2, for example) is worrisome, as it indicates a precarious amount of leverage. However, in some industries this is appropriate. Construction firms, for example, fund their projects almost entirely with debt in the form of construction loans. Thi s leads to a high debt to equity ratio, but the firm is in no real risk of insolvency, as the owners of each construction project are essentially paying to service the debt themselves. . 4 Determine the effect of treasury stock on the debt to equity ratio. When a company issues stock, shares are usually held on the balance sheet at par value (often only $0. 01 per share). When the firm buys back stock, the treasury stock is recorded at the purchase price; this results in a massive subtraction from shareholder's equity, increasing the debt to equity ratio. A troublingly high debt to equity ratio may simply be the result of stock buybacks. 5. 5 Augment your analysis with other financial ratios. The debt to equity ratio should never be used alone.For example, if a company's debt to equity ratio is quite high, you might reasonably worry about their ability to service their debt. To address this concern, you can also analyze the firm's interest coverage ratio, which is the company's oper ating income divided by debt service payments. A high operating income will allow even a debt-burdened firm to meets its obligations. Capital Structure Total Debt to Total Equity 40. 13 Total Debt to Total Capital 28. 64 Total Debt to Total Assets 17. 66 Long-Term Debt to Equity 31. 57 Long-Term Debt to Total Capital 22. 53